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Type of Joint

• Synovial Ball-and-Socket Joint (सायनोवियल कंदुक-खल्लिका संधि)
• Multiaxial movement: Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Rotation, Circumduction.

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BONES INVOLVED

1. Acetabulum (असेटाबुलम)

• Formed by the fusion of ilium, ischium, and pubis.
• Lunate surface (चंद्राकार सतह) is covered with hyaline cartilage.
• Acetabular labrum (असेटाबुलर लेब्रम) deepens the socket for stability.

1. Femur (फीमर)

• Head (फीमर का सिर) – Articulates with acetabulum.
• Neck (गर्दन) – Common site for fractures (especially in osteoporosis).
• Greater & Lesser Trochanter (ग्रेटर और लेसर ट्रोकैंटर) – Muscle attachment sites.

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LIGAMENTS (स्नायुबंधन)

1. Intracapsular Ligament

• Ligament of Head of Femur (लिगामेंट टेरिस फीमोरिस)
• Contains acetabular artery branch (minor blood supply to femoral head).

2. Extracapsular Ligaments (Provide stability)

• Iliofemoral Ligament (इलियोफीमोरल स्नायु)
• Strongest ligament in the body (“Y-shaped”).
• Prevents hyperextension.
• Pubofemoral Ligament (प्यूबोफीमोरल स्नायु)
• Limits excessive abduction.
• Ischiofemoral Ligament (इस्कियोफीमोरल स्नायु)
• Reinforces the posterior capsule.

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BLOOD SUPPLY (रक्त आपूर्ति)

1. Medial & Lateral Circumflex Femoral Arteries

• Main supply to femoral head (especially lateral circumflex).
• Injury risk in femoral neck fractures → Avascular necrosis (AVN).

2. Artery to Head of Femur (Obturator artery branch)

• Minor contribution (often insufficient alone).

3. Femoral Artery (फीमोरल धमनी)

• Supplies surrounding muscles and soft tissues.

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MUSCLES & MOVEMENTS

Movement	Major Muscles
Flexion	Iliopsoas, Rectus femoris, Sartorius
Extension	Gluteus maximus, Hamstrings
Abduction	Gluteus medius & minimus
Adduction	Adductor longus, brevis, magnus
Medial Rotation	Gluteus medius & minimus (anterior fibers)
Lateral Rotation	Piriformis, Obturator externus/internus

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CLINICAL CORRELATIONS

1. Hip Fractures (कूल्हे का फ्रैक्चर)

• Femoral Neck Fracture → Risk of AVN due to disrupted blood supply.
• Intertrochanteric Fracture – More stable (better blood supply).

2. Developmental Dysplasia of Hip (DDH)

• Congenital dislocation due to shallow acetabulum.
• Tests: Ortolani & Barlow maneuvers.

3. Trendelenburg Gait

• Weak gluteus medius → Pelvis drops on opposite side during walking.

4. Osteoarthritis (OA)

• Degenerative joint disease → Pain, stiffness, reduced mobility.

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SUMMARY TABLE

Feature	Description
Joint Type	Ball-and-socket synovial joint
Main Ligaments	Iliofemoral, Pubofemoral, Ischiofemoral
Blood Supply	Medial/Lateral Circumflex Femoral Arteries
Common Injury	Femoral Neck Fracture → AVN

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Diagrams to Remember:

1. Hip Joint Ligaments (Iliofemoral “Y” shape).
2. Blood Supply to Femoral Head (Medial & Lateral Circumflex).
3. Muscle Actions (Flexors vs. Extensors).